One side effect of an earthquake in a coastal region is a tsunami that rips through the sea around it. Malta is close to a major earthquake fault line. In 1908, a major earthquake hit Sicily causing a tsunami in Malta.
At 05:20 on Monday 28 December 1908, an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale hit Sicily1. Its epicentre was the Straits of Messina which is the channel between Sicily and the Italian mainland. The earth rippled from east to west2. The sea rose thirty feet (9 metres) and ploughed into Messina and Reggio Calabria destroying everything in its way3. Buildings were razed to the ground. In total, 200,000 people died.
Two officers on board the s.s. L’Avvenire which was in Messina’s port provided an eyewitness account:
“At 5:25 am we were awakened by a violent and prolonged shock, which made the ship shake and tremble as though an explosion had occurred. […] But what was our grief and horror when we looked towards the land? The wharf had sunk 10 feet; the whole of the Palazzata facing the Marina was half-tottering: then a dense cloud of dust arose as the mass went crumbling to pieces! In an instant the port was full of corpses and wreckage. […] In the streets, persons were to be seen half-naked, semi-conscious, as though they had lost their senses4.”
Malta is only 150 km (90 miles) away and it suffered from the earthquake too. I’ve read many accounts of the earthquake’s effects in Sicily but there is little about the effect on Malta.
I went to Malta’s National Library to find out more.
The two main newspapers of the day reflected the main split in society. ‘The Daily Chronicle’ was in English, written for the British community in Malta. It presented a pro-United Kingdom view of the world. It was the most popular paper with a daily print run of 1,000 copies5.
‘Malta e sue dipendenze’ (Malta and its dependencies) was an Italian-language newspaper. It was written for those Maltese whose main language was Italian. It was pro-Italy, but not anti-UK. Even so, it’s possible to discern a slight resentment towards the British rulers of the islands. (Yet, most international news in this paper is from British newspaper sources.) They had a daily print run of 800 copies5.
I refer to these two newspapers as ‘The Chronicle’ and ‘MESD’ for short.
The following is an account of how the earthquake affected Malta, and how the Maltese learnt about things.
Monday, December 28, 1908
People reported a preliminary tremor at about 01:006. At 05:21:50, the main earthquake hit the Maltese islands6 7. This and seven 30-second aftershocks hit over a span of an hour – at 05:23, 05:31, 05:37, 05:48, 05:55, 06:05, 06:15:501 6 7. The University of Malta’s seismograph was, ‘thrown out of gear by the violence of its own action’ 6 7.
Luckily there was no damage to buildings or construction in Malta6 7.
People awoke in Malta to find rain and hail beating down on them. A cyclone rushed from the sea making everything miserable3. (A cyclone travels at 38–54 knots which is 44–62 mph or 70–100 km/h.) I’ve experienced this kind of weather in Malta and its safe to guess that most people stayed inside. Such was the intensity of the rain that by the end of the day, 25.4 centimetres of rain (10 inches) had fallen3.
At 07:45, the sea around Malta became agitated6. The seabed appeared to be pushing the water inland to the shore. Valletta’s breakwater protects the Grand Harbour6. Marsamxett harbour, and the creeks that it feeds, were not as lucky6. In Msida, water rushed up across the barriers and into all shops and houses that lined the shore6 7.
I wrote about these houses as part of Sir Alexander Ball’s infrastructure project.
Water kept on ploughing through till after 16:00 – more than eight hours of continuous flooding. After this, the waters receded leaving the seabed bare with fish ‘wriggling in the sand seeking to get back to their element’ 6.
In the south of Malta, shielded from the worst of this tsunami, three fishermen in Marsaxlokk lost their nets and the catch8. The tsunami smashed other boats against the quay7.
Late at night, Malta received first news by telegram of the earthquake in Sicily6. The Admiralty ordered HMS Sutlej to change course and go to Messina to help the survivors3 9. Sutlej was en route to Malta from Syracuse10.
HMS Albatross, HMS Dragon, HMS Mallard and HMS Boxer left Malta for Syracuse, due back on January 47.
Tuesday, December 29, 1908
No one knew where the main earthquake had taken place. The Chronicle suggested it could have taken place “half the circumference of the globe away6.”
The daily ship from Italy did not arrive in Malta in the morning which led to a lack of first-hand information7.
People expected information from the Giornale di Sicilia (The Sicily Journal). It couldn’t because of the ‘interruption in telegraphic, telephonic and railway communication’. Eyewitnesses who arrived at Rometta spoke of Messina as ‘simply a vast cemetery1.’
Even though Malta didn’t have much news about the disaster it knew the situation was catastrophic. The Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in Malta at the time was Admiral the Hon. Sir A. G. Curzon-Howe. He gave orders to equip ships with everything necessary to aid the Italians3. HMS Exmouth, HMS Euryalus and HMS Minerva were ready to sail by noon3. They planned to rendezvous with HMS Sutlej which was shuttling ‘suffering freight of human beings‘ down the coast to Syracuse1. By evening, HMS Minerva left alone, speeding to the Italy with ‘generously and spontaneously offered‘ help 3 9.
Italian King Victor Emmanuele and Queen Elena arrived to find Messina ‘absolutely destroyed‘1. The King was greatly moved by the sight and Queen Elena, ‘pallid with emotion‘ could not control her tears11. As they toured the city of ruins and spoke to survivors, the King commented on the horror of the situation11. Reuters reported that ‘the lower part of Reggio has disappeared. The rest is in ruins‘12.
At 17:15, the Prefect of Messina telegraphed Palermo:
“The disaster is inconceivable; it surpasses any supposition one could make. […] The heaps of corpses can be counted in the tens of thousands. […] Assistance of every description is wanted at once!13“
The Italian vice-consul in Malta, Chevalier Mazzone, opened a subscription at the Consulate. He invited the ‘Italian colony in this Island – second to none in patriotism‘ to donate whatever they could to help7 14. He donated 5 pounds himself7 14 which is about EUR 650 (USD 760) in today’s money.
By late on Tuesday, reports emerged that about 50,000 people were buried under the ruins of Messina. A further 30,000 were buried in Reggio Calabria. The town of Messina, 36 hours after the earthquake, was still on fire3 7.
Various navies ordered their ships to Messina. The entire Italian navy, several French ships and two German training ships headed for the straits. They were mindful to be wary of their charts because, ‘the coastline is altered‘15.
MESD quoted a Reuters telegram identifying Messina as the epicentre of the earthquake7.
The total casualties at the end of Tuesday were 75,000.
Wednesday, December 30, 1908
MESD reported in detail on the amount of destruction and number of deaths in every village and town in Sicily and Calabria.
The Royal Theatre announced a charity performance of La Boehme would take place on Wednesday 06 January 1909 in aid of the ‘sufferers at Messina and Calabria’3.
HMS Sutlej and the Russian Admiral were in continuous communication. Sutlej reported 2,000 beds available near Syracuse1. Together the battleships continued their shuttle service for the wounded16. In a brief communication with Malta, HMS Sutlej reported, “Messina is absolutely destroyed17.”
HMS Exmouth set sail from Malta at 9:30 am18 with Admiral Curzon-Howe on board. It carried ‘tents in greatest number, countless mattresses, 30,000 blankets, food and medicine‘1 9.
All maritime traffic was warned that navigation in the Straits was impeded because no lighthouses were working. Reuters reported that, ‘the earth is opened and detonations like simultaneous gun-batteries are heard swallowing up a portion of Reggio‘19.
The total casualties by the end of Wednesday was 70,000 in Sicily and 30,000 in Reggio (out of a population of 40,000) 20.
Thursday, December 31, 1908
The newspapers spoke of the earthquake in biblical terms.
Up till this point, the worst earthquake in history was the Great Earthquake of Lisbon.
People started talking about the Messina ‘quake as larger than Lisbon’s.
HMS Exmouth arrived at dawn1. All the men on board pitched tents and went to search for survivors in the vicinity. They barely stopped for food and worked till late in the day21.
Italian King Victor Emmanuele and Queen Elena were busy attending to the wounded and disabled on board the battleship Regina Elena22. The Queen was also caring for orphans she had found in the city whilst touring it on Tuesday with her husband11.
British armed forces and Maltese doctors and nurses rushed to Sicily to help the earthquake survivors
By 1:30pm in Malta, HMS Duncan was equipped with armed forces medical personnel Major Crawford, Captain Anderson, Captain Winckworth, Captain R Randon, Lieutenant Morrison, and Captain Lloyd Jones1 23. A further 55 men from the Royal Ambulance Corps were also on board. Ten nursing sisters, civil and military, joined them1. The Duncan was also loaded with a field bakery and 5,000 bags of flour24 and left for Reggio10.
Civilian medical personnel volunteered too1 9 23 24:
- Dr R Samut
- Dr S Ellul Grech
- Dr M Asphar
- Dr E Ferro
- Dr A W Bernard
- Dr F Jaccarini
- Dr S Muscat
- Dr C Zanghi
- Dr G Wirth
- Dr P Biasini
- Dr E Said
- Dr S Borg
- Dr P Grech
- Pharmacist Mr A Charbon
They boarded the HMS Philomel together with the Army’s Field Ambulance Corps and a Field Bakery Section25 and left in the evening9 24. They arrived at night and could only see Messina by the flare of the fires that still raged in the city. Upon arrival some doctors went to Scylla, and some to Calabria26.
The Red Cross erected shelters in Piazza San Martino. They treated as many injured as they could, performing miracles under torrential rain27. Survivors, much the worse for wear, were still being extracted from the rubble.
Huge ditches were excavated at Maregrosso to bury the dead in. Soldiers carried the dead there; there was no other way to transport the bodies27.
Wireless messages began arriving in Malta asking for food, medicines and clothing in large quantities24. HMS Euryalus left carrying “hundreds of thousands of pounds of flour, beef and biscuits9 24.”
Telegrams received in London declared the straits of Messina “unrecognisable and must be entirely re-charted28.”
King Emanuele visited Reggio on the Italian mainland. He requested his government to dismiss the Mayor and other civil authorities of Messina. After surviving the earthquake, they abandoned Messina and escaped to the countryside29.
Due to the congestion in Messina harbour, the HMS Duncan docked further south in Catona30.
Friday, January 1, 1909
Medical personnel arrived in Messina early in the morning24, despite the rumour circulating in Valletta that the HMS Philomel had run aground24 31 32.
The HMS Sutlej continued shuttling the wounded from Messina to Syracuse. The hospitals in Syracuse were “overflowing” so people were put on board trains heading to other parts of Sicily to be treated. Meanwhile, Admiral Curzon-Howe was on the Exmouth helping people on the coast of the Italian mainland24.
On board the Sutlej, Giovanni Vallone asked for pen and paper and wrote:
“Giovanni Vallone di Messina. Viva l’Inghilterra, venga la benedizione del cielo ai generosi della nava HMS Sutlej 1/1/09. Un bacio a tutti.“
“Giovanni Vallone from Messina. Long live England and may the blessing from heaven come down on the generous men of the HMS Sutlej 1/1/09. A kiss to all.”33.
Soldiers gave up hope of finding any further survivors in the ruins. They kept sifting through the debris looking for Bank property and other important documents34.
The Italian steamer, Duca di Genova, arrived in Messina. The Chronicle angrily reported that instead of taking 1,000 survivors on board, Italian civil servants took it over. They were not as comfortable on board the smaller steamer, the Stura34.
The Chronicle also criticised the train service which was taking a day to travel 246 kilometres from Messina to Palermo because “both rolling stock and personnel are deficient“34.
The Archbishop requested volunteers from the clergy to go and give spiritual aid to the sufferers. Almost the entire church community were ready to leave at once24.
Italian papers repeated King Victor Emmanuele’s high praise and admiration of the British Navy. “First on the scene of disaster and promptly at work, defiant of danger, both officers and men were everywhere conspicuous.“
The army found 30 000 000 Italian lire in the ruins of the Banca d’Italia and took them to the Regina Elena for safekeeping35. This is about EUR 121 million in today’s money.
King Emanuele visited the towns of Ganzirri and Faro. Queen Elena stayed in Messina visiting the injured and making dresses for survivors35.
Italian General Mazza consulted with the King about his worries of an epidemic breaking out in Messina35. They decided on extreme measures. After further searches for survivors, on January 3rd, a cordon would be stationed around the city to make sure it is clear. The authorities would then flood the city with petroleum and set it on fire. Anything left standing would be bombarded34 35.
The Italian Foreign Minister replied to a telegram from his UK counterpart stating:
“If praise can be given at this supreme moment of grief and anguish, it should be awarded by the whole nation to the crews of the British warship Sutlej and the squadron of Russian cruisers which had been anchored at Augusta. Without the assistance of the British and the Russians, the damage and the victims would have been greater. […] What these sailors did is indescribable. […] Russians and English, in the midst of the ruins, defying unheard of dangers, were true consoling angels.” 34.
St George’s Philarmonic postponed a performance in Cospicua, Malta, out of respect for the dead in Sicily32.
Saturday, January 2, 1909
The Chronicle reported that out of a population of 120,000, in Messina “not more than 20,000 survive22.”
Rumours surfaced that British and Russian sailors lost their lives while trying to rescue survivors. The Chronicle published a list of Maltese and British people in Sicily with information about their whereabouts24. It is a shocking list containing the briefest of details, such as:
“Mrs Frew Sella is safe, baby dead; […] Mr Carter, no news; […] Mrs de Pasquale, reported dead24”
Reverend Father O’Grady, Director of the Salesian Institute announced the death of Maltese Reverend Father A. M. Urso in Messina17 36. The Institute announced eight days of mourning as a tribute of affection and gratitude36.
Lloyds published the first warning to mariners navigating the straits of Messina37.
The St John Ambulance association announced it had to cancel a First Aid lecture because all medical staff were in Messina38.
At night, the Italian s.s. Carola left Malta having picked up 10 cases of assorted clothes. The shipment was coordinated by 1st Class Sergeant Baldacchino who accompanied the cargo39.
In the afternoon, HMS Philomel arrived back in Malta40.
King Emanuele telegraphed Rome for urgent shiploads of quicklime to help dispose of the bodies. The authorities decided to burn the ruins rather than attempt to rebuild anything41.
A severe aftershock hit the island again in the evening21.
The Reuters report stating the Italian coastline in Messina and Reggio was altered was rejected by a telegram from the Italian Admiralty to the Port Superintendent. It stated the coastline was not altered and the topography of the port was still the same32.
Sunday, January 3, 1909
The Garrison church at the Upper Barrakka, Valletta, collected money at all its services to aid the Italians24.
Almost all survivors had been taken to Palermo and Naples, leaving the soldiers alone in the devastated cities42. The soldiers worked half-suffocated by the stench of dead bodies.
In one miraculous case, Italian soldiers discovered a survivor in his home. The man had woken up early on Monday and had just sat down to breakfast as the earthquake hit. Pinned into his chair by falling debris, they found him in that position, unable to finish his breakfast30.
A French couple in Messina managed to survive the earthquake by hiding under a fallen rafter. They later told how they spent most of the day in hiding, drinking rainwater, until they managed to get onto a boat heading for Catania. They managed to make their way to Malta and continue their trip to Egypt43.
Monday, January 4, 1909
An urgent appeal for clothes rushed through the island to ‘the ladies and gentlemen of Malta to help clothe the naked‘. A boat laden with donated clothes was due to leave for Sicily later in the day, with more boats leaving once they were full44.
The Chronicle published another brief list of more British people who died, or survived, the tragedy45.
At this point, a week after the earthquake, the Chronicle reported that some survivors may be brought to Malta40. It is a sign of how bad the situation was when Sicily – 200 times larger than San Francisco – was not large enough to take care of all the wounded.
The British Navy announced that HMS Glory and HMS Canopus would relieve HMS Exmouth and HMS Duncan. HMS Sutlej arrived back in Malta berthing in the southern port of Marsaxlokk due to the bad weather which still raged in Malta40.
The Chronicle reported on the cases of madness amongst survivors. Many people lost their senses and suffered from various delusions11. It is possible this was post-traumatic stress disorder, which was unknown at the time.
Trains shuttling injured people between Catania and Messina were running at no cost to help the survivors. Taking advantage of this, a number of morbid sightseers travelled to Messina to see the destruction, to the frustration of those trying to clear things up11.
King Emanuele asked HMS Exmouth to visit Cannitello and Lazzaro both of which were inaccessible from land. The Exmouth reported these towns as being completely destroyed11.
The British Naval Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet praised the Maltese doctors for their work and devotion in Sicily. The doctors went to Syracuse to help the overloaded hospitals there46.
The Commander-in-Chief also noted that the Italian authorities were assuming charge of the disaster47 48. The Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs telegraphed the Acting-Consul in Malta to offer the warmest thanks for all those providing help in Italy49.
Telegrams received in Malta spoke of survivors being decimated by ‘lung disease due to exposure‘50.
A rumour spread that trains carrying survivors between Palermo and Catania crashed. This was immediately dismissed as false. The relief service had sufficient quantities of bread and water which the soldiers distributed51.
The postal authorities have provided the soldiers with paper and envelopes so they can write to their families. They have also waived the need for stamps, allowing letters to go through for free51.
Tuesday, January 5, 1909
The Chronicle repeated its urgent appeal for clothes from ‘the ladies and gentlemen of Malta to help clothe the naked‘52.
HMS Canopus, laden with 200,000 lbs of flour left for Messina in the morning47.
At 9:30 am, HMS Sutlej entered Valletta Harbour. It had been anchored off Malta all night long due to the bad weather53. The survivors on board were all Sicilian except for one Maltese nun from the Good Shepherd convent. She had been in the Convento del Buon Pastore in Messina48 53.
In the afternoon, HMS Minerva arrived for replenishments, bearing 13 survivors47 53 54 . Amongst them were the Bishop of Gibraltar and 12-year-old George Fox. Mr Fox was the son of the British consul at Reggio and had lost his entire family53.
HMS Duncan arrived in the afternoon from Sicily for replenishments47.
HMS Euryalus arrived at Syracuse with 170 wounded from Calabria. Weather permitting, it was due to travel back to Malta47.
Wednesday, January 6, 1909
At 8:30 pm55, the Royal Opera House held a Grand Gala performance of Puccini’s Boehme in aid of the survivors of the earthquake. This was under the patronage of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught56 48. The proceeds totalled GBP 51. 1. 657 58. This is approximately EUR 5 200 (USD 5 800) in today’s money.
Thursday, January 7, 1909
King Edward of England VII sent the following message to the Mediterranean fleet:
“His Majesty the King wishes his high appreciation and approbation to be conveyed to the British Ships at Messina for the energy and gallantry displayed in dealing with the disaster in Sicily and Italy.”
Replying to the British Consul in Palermo, the Italian authorities called the plan to bombard Messina a rumour59.
In the morning, the HMS Exmouth returned to Malta from Messina60 61.
The Chronicle interviewed Giulia Adesso, one of the Messina survivors who was brought to Malta. She had been a maid in a household of 12 people who all died when the building collapsed. She lay in the ruins for three days before “English angels” found her and treated her on the HMS Minerva62. Doctors amputated her hand on board and she was recuperating from her injuries in Malta.
Vice President of the Italian Senate, Professor Paterson, purchased large quantities of quicklime to help with the clean up in Messina63. In his capacity as the Director of the Sanitary Department he confirmed that there never was any plan to bombard Messina. “Messina no longer exists, and can never arise again on the same spot, even if it should be desired. I insist on that. It must be reconstructed at another point, outside of the danger of fresh earthquakes. […] Messina will remain nothing but a large cemetery!“
Friday, January 8, 1909
The Manoel Theatre had announced a Grand Gala performance of Siberia48 in aid of the survivors of the earthquake64. The theatre management cancelled the performance at the last-minute due to a lack of ticket sales 65.
The Grand Studio, in Strada Reala, Valletta, exhibited a collection of 40 photographs taken in Messina after the earthquake60.
In the afternoon, the cruiser HMS Lancaster departed for Messina66.
Saturday, January 9, 1909
More aftershocks continued to hit Sicily, which were much weaker than previous ones. This was the first day with clear weather since the disaster, making the rescuers’ work easier. It gave way to torrential rain by the afternoon10.
At 8:45 pm67, a concert took place at the Military Gymnasium under the distinguished patronage of His Excellency the Governor and Lady Fane Grant, in aid of the survivors of the earthquake56 68, despite vacancies caused to the programme by the departure of the HMS Lancaster67.
The St John Ambulance association announced it had to cancel another First Aid lecture because all medical staff were still in Messina69.
HMS Sutlej left Malta in the afternoon70.
The Maltese doctors returned to Malta, bearing a letter of thanks from the Mayor of Syracuse who conveyed his “deep thanks” for their help, adding,
“The memory of all that you gentlemen have done with true devotion will remain forever imprinted upon the hearts of us all; and Syracuse will never forget that in its hour of sorrow, its brethren of Malta have stood by it, and have given their inestimable aid.”71.
At night a terrible hurricane raged across Sicily accompanied by torrential rain and lightning72. A tidal wave rushed into the harbour, flooding some of the makeshift camps that survivors were huddling in10.
Sunday, January 10, 1909
In the evening, the Duke of Connaught left onboard the cruiser Aboukir for Reggio to visit the Royal Army Medical Corps there. His Lordship the Bishop of Gibraltar accompanied him en route to Messina73.
Late at night, the ss Carola arrived back in Malta with a party of survivors from Syracuse and the Maltese doctors67 74. Mr George Zammit, owner of the Long Bar lodging house offered to house the survivors for free 75.
Monday, January 11, 1909
The Chronicle wrote a thoughtful article suggesting the establishment of an Emergency Benevolent Fund in Malta. In the event of an extreme cases such as this, it could be put to good use8.
It was still raining in Messina, with no sign of change76.
Tuesday, January 12, 1909
The Chronicle wrote an editorial criticising rumours sweeping through Malta. The rumours suggested the Maltese doctors who went to Sicily were mistreated and belittled. The opinion piece refers to the letter of praise by the Mayor of Syracuse to show how this was not true.
At 10:30 am, the doctors and the chemist were at the Palace and presented to the Governor. His Excellency spoke at length, praising their efforts, and welcoming them back to Malta77. On behalf of them all, Dr Robert Samut thanked His Excellency and extended their appreciation for his kind words. Dr Samut also thanked the Commander-in-Chief and the crew and officers of the HMS Euryalus and HMS Philomel for their help.
Wednesday, January 13, 1909
At 7:00 am His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught returned from Sicily aboard his cruiser HMS Aboukir. He expressed his wish to meet the Maltese doctors personally78.
Thursday, January 14, 1909
The doctors and the chemist were at the Palace and presented to His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught78.
Saturday, January 16, 1909
At 9:30 am a solemn Requiem service was heard at St John’s Co-Cathedral in Valletta for the victims79. All establishments showed signs of mourning by flying flags at half-mast80.
The Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps returned to Malta onboard the cruiser HMS Lancaster. The Ambulance spent a fortnight in Sicily81.
Nothing else was reported in the newspapers in the week after January 16. The Italians had taken back control of the ports and continued handling things themselves which let the news cycle slowly turn to other matters.
Aftermath
A hundred years after this catastrophe, the scientific community is still studying it to understand what happened82. Better understanding of tectonic forces and the sea bed in the Mediterranean will allow for better planning.
Share this with someone who lives in a coastal town.
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- The latest from Sicily and Calabria; Daily Chronicle; 1909-01-07[↩]
- Local news; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-08[↩][↩]
- Untitled article; Malta e sue Dipendenze; 1909-01-08[↩]
- Rescued after three days; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-08[↩]
- The fate of Messina; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-08[↩]
- Theatre Manoel; Daily Malta Chronicle, The; 1909-01-05[↩]
- Untitled announcement; Malta e sue Dipendenze; 1909-01-08[↩]
- Naval intelligence; Daily Malta Chronicle, The; 1909-01-09[↩]
- Local news; Daily Malta Chronicle, The; 1909-01-09[↩][↩][↩]
- A Concert; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-07[↩]
- St John Ambulance Association; Daily Malta Chronicle, The; 1908-01-08[↩]
- Naval intelligence; Daily Malta Chronicle, The; 1909-01-05[↩]
- The Maltese doctors; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-11[↩]
- The awful catastrophe in Sicily and Calabria; Daily Chronicle; 1909-01-13[↩]
- The Duke of Connaught; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-11[↩]
- L’Opera dei Medici Maltesi; Malta e sue Dipendenze; 1909-01-10[↩]
- Local news; Daily Chronicle,The; 1909-01-12[↩]
- The awful catastrophe in Sicily and Calabria; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-14[↩]
- Honour to Merit; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-13[↩]
- The Palace; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-14[↩][↩]
- Calendar of the week for Roman Catholics; Daily Malta Chronicle, The; 1908-01-09[↩]
- The disaster in Sicily; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-14[↩]
- The Field Ambulance; Daily Chronicle, The; 1909-01-15[↩]
- Probing the 1908 tsunami; The Times of Malta; 2012-01-15[↩]